"Mycobacterium leprae" adlı bakterinin 1873'te Gerhard Armauer Hansen tarafından tespit edilmesiyle "Hansen hastalığı" diye de isimlendirilen cüzzam, esas olarak cildi, periferik sinirleri, üst solunum yolunun mukozal yüzeylerini ve gözleri etkileyen kronik bulaşıcı bir hastalık olarak biliniyor.
Bebeklikten yaşlılığa kadar insan yaşamının her evresinde ortaya çıktığı kaydedilen ve dünyada her gün yaklaşık 600 kişinin yakalandığı cüzzam hastalığı, tedavi edilebildiği gibi, erken evrelerdeki tedavi de sakatlığı önleyebiliyor.
Cüzzamın, tedavi edilmeyen vakalarla yakın ve sık temas sırasında burun ile ağızdan çıkan damlacıklar vasıtasıyla yayıldığı ve semptomlarının ise uzun yıllar sonra ortaya çıkabileceği belirtiliyor.
Hastalık, müdahale edilmemesi halinde cilt, sinirler, uzuvlar ve gözlerde ilerleyici ve kalıcı hasara neden olabiliyor.
Kuluçka süresi yaklaşık 5 yıl olan hastalığa çoklu ilaç tedavisi (MDT) ile müdahale ediliyor.
DSÖ verilerine göre, 2020'de 128 bin 375 yeni vakanın görüldüğü hastalık, 2021'de yaklaşık yüzde 10 artarak 2021'de dünya genelinde 140 bin 500'den fazla kişiye bulaştı.
2021'de yeni vakaların yaklaşık dörtte üçü Hindistan, Brezilya ve Endonezya'da
1981'den bu yana en az 16 milyon cüzzamlıya Nippon Vakfı ve 2000'den itibaren DSÖ aracılığıyla çoklu ilaç tedavisinin uygulandığı ancak az gelişmiş ülke ve bölgelerdeki yoksullukla hayat şartlarının ağırlığı, sağlık hizmetlerine erişimin kısıtlı olması, yetersiz beslenme, göç gibi nedenlerle hastalığın halen yaygın durumda olduğu ifade ediliyor.
Dünyada cüzzam hastalığı, çoğunlukla az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin bulunduğu Güneydoğu Asya, Afrika ve Batı Pasifik bölgesinde görülürken 2021'de yeni vakaların yaklaşık dörtte üçü Brezilya, Hindistan ve Endonezya'da tespit edildi.
Brezilya, Endonezya, Bangladeş ve Etiyopya, en fazla hastalığın görüldüğü ülkelerin arasında yer alırken 75 bin 394 ile yeni vakaların yarısından fazlası Hindistan'da bulunuyor.
Cüzzam, 2021'de 14 vaka ile en nadir Avrupa kıtasında görüldü.
Türkiye Sağlık Bakanlığı ise 2021'de 3 yeni vakanın tespit edildiğini ve Türkiye'de 485 cüzzam hastasının bulunduğunu açıkladı.
Cüzzamdan etkilenenler genellikle ayrımcılığa ve damgalanmaya maruz kalıyor. Bu durumun, siyasi ve sosyal hak ihlallerinin yanı sıra teşhis konulması, bakım ve tedavi sonuçları üzerinde olumsuz etkileri bulunuyor.
Dünya Cüzzam Günü
Dünya Cüzzam Günü, bu sene 29 Ocak olmak üzere her yıl ocak ayının son pazar gününe denk geliyor.
Gün, Fransız hayırsever Raoul Follereau tarafından 1954'te ortaya atılarak birçok kişinin neslinin tükendiğine inandığı cüzzam hakkında farkındalık yaratmayı ve insanlara kolayca tedavi edilebilen bu eski hastalığı öğretmeyi amaçlıyor.
Cüzzam hastalığının en yoğun görüldüğü ülke Hindistan'da Dünya Cüzzam Günü, Mahatma Gandhi'nin ölüm yıl dönümü olan 30 Ocak'ta anılıyor.
Dünya Cüzzam Günü'nün 2023 yılı teması ise "Şimdi Harekete Geçin, Cüzzamı Bitirin." olarak belirlendi.
DSÖ, internet sitesinde güne ilişkin "Bulaşmayı durduracak ve bu hastalığı yenecek güce ve araçlara sahibiz. Cüzzam hastalığını sona erdirmek için kaynaklara ve taahhüde ihtiyacımız var. Cüzzamın ortadan kaldırılmasına öncelik verin. Cüzzam önlenebilir ve tedavi edilebilir. Cüzzamdan muzdarip olmak gereksizdir." ifadelerine yer verildi.
"Cüzzamdan arınmış dünya için çabalarımızı iki katına çıkarmanın zamanı geldi"
DSÖ Cüzzamın Ortadan Kaldırılması için İyi Niyet Elçisi Yohei Sasakawa, Dünya Cüzzam Günü dolayısıyla mesaj yayımladı.
Sasakawa, "Tarih boyunca, hastalığa yakalanan insanlar ayrımcılığa maruz kalmıştır ve cüzzamla ilgili yanlış kanılar varlığını sürdürmektedir." ifadesini kullandı.
Dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinde cüzzamlı insanların kendilerini toplumdan, aile ve arkadaşlardan izole edilmiş bulabildiğine dikkati çeken Sasakawa, bazı ülkelerde kamu tesislerini kullanmalarını engelleyen veya cüzzamlıları boşama veya işten çıkarma için gerekçe yapan yasaların hala yürürlükte olduğuna işaret etti.
Sasakawa, Kovid-19 nedeniyle geçen yıllarda uygulanan karantinalar ve kısıtlamalar gibi tedbirlerin, cüzzamlılar dahil zaten zor koşullarda yaşayan savunmasız toplulukların üzerinde ağır bedelinin olduğunu ve özellikle cüzzamlıların tedaviye erişemediğini belirtti.
Dünya, Kovid-19'la yaşamayı öğrense bile cüzzamın etkisini sürdürdüğünü vurgulayan Sasakawa, Kovid-19 nedeniyle tedavilerin kesintiye uğradığını, bunun ise hastalığın yayılmasını tetiklediğini ifade etti.
Sasakawa, mesajında "70. Dünya Cüzzam Günü'nü ve Dr. Hansen'in keşfinin 150. yıl dönümünü andığımız bu dönüm noktasında, salgın nedeniyle duraksayan faaliyetleri hızlandırmanın ve cüzzamdan arınmış bir dünya için çalışma çabalarımızı iki katına çıkarmanın zamanı geldi." değerlendirmesinde bulundu.
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