Kanser tedavisinde etkisi yüksek, yan etki profili düşük olan akıllı moleküller ve immünoterapi ilaçlarının önemli bir kısmı Türkiye’de SGK’nın ödeme kapsamında değil. Hastanın hem yaşam kalitesini arttıran hem de ömrünü uzatan Sağlık Bakanlığı onaylı ilaçlar piyasada var ancak geri ödeme listesinde olmadığı için çok sayıda hasta bu ilaçlardan yararlanamıyor, çünkü maliyetleri çok yüksek. Yeni ve pahalı kanser ilaçlarına erişimin sadece Türkiye’nin değil, tüm dünyanın sorunu olduğunu belirten onkologlar, bu durumun onkoloji literatürüne “finansal toksisite”, yani ekonomik yan etki şeklinde bir terim eklediğini söylüyor.
Kanser tedavisinde çok önemli avantaj sağlayan bazı akıllı molekül ve immünoterapi ilaçları SGK’nın geri ödeme kapsamında bulunmuyor. Bu nedenle çok sayıda hasta, kemoterapiden daha fazla yarar göreceği ve yan etki yükünden önemli oranda kurtulabileceği bu ilaçları alamıyor, alınamayan bu ilaçlar hastayı mağdur ediyor. çünkü bu ilaçlar çok pahalı
Örneğin meme kanserinde hormonal terapilerle akıllı moleküllerin beraber kullanılmasının etkinliği ve hastalık kontrolünü çok önemli oranda artırdığını belirten İç Hastalıkları ve Tıbbi Onkoloji Uzmanı Prof. Dr. Gökhan Demir, “Maalesef immünoterapi ajanlarının veya akıllı ilaçların önemli bir kısmını SGK karşılamıyor. Türkiye’de bu ilaçlar piyasada var, yani Sağlık Bakanlığı onay verdi ama geri ödeme kurumu geri ödemeye almadı. Bu nedenle birçok hastamız mağdur oluyor. Hasta, göz göre göre progrese oluyor, yani hastalığı ilerliyor ama bu akıllı ilaçları veremediğimiz için etkinliği onlardan daha az, yan etkileri ise daha fazla olan kemoterapi veriyoruz” dedi.
Doktor Gökhan Demir, etkin ama pahalı ilaçların onkoloji literatürüne bir terim de eklediğini söyledi: Finansal toksisite:
“Biz eskiden ilaçların hep vücuda yaptığı bir toksisiteden, bir yan etkiden söz ediyorduk, mide bulantısı, saç dökülmesi, halsizlik, iştahsızlık gibi. İşte bu toksisitenin yanına bir de finansal toksisite eklendi. Finansal toksisite bugün bütün dünyada konuşulan bir şey. Çünkü yeni çıkan ilaçlar, hedefe yönelik tedaviler ve akıllı moleküller, çok korkunç maliyetler oluşturuyor ve bu ilaçların uzun yıllar kullanılması finansal toksisiteyi daha fazla artırıyor. ABD başta olmak üzere birçok gelişmiş ülke bütçelerinde bu yeni kuşak ilaçlara nasıl bir pay ayıracakları konusunu tartışıyor.”
İstanbul Tabip Odası Başkanı ve Tıbbi Onkoloji Uzmanı Prof. Dr. Pınar Saip de finansal yan etki konusunda farkındalığın giderek arttığını, iş kaybı, çalışamama, tedaviye erişememe gibi konuların da “finansal toksisite” kapsamında olduğunu söyledi, “Finansal yan etkiyi önlemek kanser araştırmacılarının ve sağlık sistemlerinin önemli görevlerinden olmalıdır. Finansal yan etkinin önlenmesi hem kanser kontrolünü hem de kanserde sağkalımı arttırır” ifadelerini kullandı.
Türk Tıbbi Onkoloji Derneği (TTOD) Yönetim Kurulu Üyesi ve Tıbbi Onkolog Prof. Dr. Mahmut Gümüş ise finansal toksisitenin sadece Türkiye’nin değil, tüm dünyanın sorunu olduğunu, her ülkede yeni ve pahalı ilaçlara erişimde sıkıntı yaşandığını söyledi, “Bu, öyle bir hal aldı ki artık Amerika veya Avrupa’da yapılan onkoloji kongrelerinde konuşmacılar ilacı anlatırken, ‘şu kadar etkilidir, şu kadar faydalıdır’ dedikten sonra bir de ilacın ekonomik maliyeti ile ilgili konuşma yapıyor” dedi.

“TÜRKİYE’DE MEME KANSERİ İLAÇLARINA ERİŞİMDE SORUN YAŞANIYOR”
Bazı meme kanseri ilaçlarına erişimde de sorun yaşandığını söyleyen Doktor Pınar Saip, “Bugün Türkiye'de meme kanseri tedavisinde ruhsatı olan ama geri ödemesi olmayan pahalı ilaçlar, hem geri ödemesi hem de ruhsatı olmayan pahalı ilaçlar ve bulunmayan ucuz ilaçlar sorunu yaşanıyor. Pahalı ilaçlar için Türkiye’de geri ödeme referans ülkelere bakılarak saptanıyor. En düşük referans ülke fiyatı belli bir yüzdeyle çarpılıyor, sabitlenmiş döviz kuruna göre belirleniyor. Bu fiyatlar da ilaç firmalarını tatmin etmiyor. Türkiye'de geri ödeme alabilmiş ilaçlar dünyanın diğer ülkelerine göre daha ucuz” ifadelerini kullandı.
“KANSER hastaların ekonomisini de etkiliyor.
Meme kanserinin tek bir hastalık olmadığını, hastalığın biyolojik türlerine ve evrelerine göre tedavilerinde farklılıklar bulunduğunu hatırlatan Onkolog Saip, “Maalesef meme kanserinin bazı türlerinde etkili olan yeni ilaçların bazıları ülkemizde geri ödeme kapsamında değil. Kanser hastalığı hasta ve ailesinde ekonomik sorunlara yol açar ve bu durum hastalığın seyri açısından risk faktörüdür. Ülkelerin gelir düzeyi, sağlığa ayırdığı bütçe ve finansal yan etki arasında ilişki vardır. Örneğin batı Avrupa’da meme kanseri daha sık olmasına rağmen orta Avrupa’da seyirleri daha kötüdür. Bu da bakım ve ilaca erişimin ne kadar önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Yeni geliştirilen ilaç fiyatları giderek artmaktadır. Eski ilaçlar ise ucuz oldukları için piyasada bulunmamaktadır” diye konuştu.

Hiçbir şey insan yaşamından daha kutsal değildir
Prof. Demir, akıllı molekül ve immünoterapi ilaçlarının yüksek maliyeti için, “Evet, bu ilaçların çok yüksek bir ekonomik gideri var ama bir insanın hayatına kazandıracağımız bir günün hiçbir maddi bedeli yok. Bir açıdan da böyle bakmak gerekiyor. Bu, bütün dünyanın uğraştığı bir problem, Türkiye de finansal toksisite üzerinde çalışıyor” derken, Prof. Saip, “Ülkemizin Sağlık Bakanlığı ve SGK'sı özellikle hastalarımıza yarar sağlayacak ilaçlar konusunda elinden geleni yapmalı. Başka gereksiz harcamalardan kısılıp ömrü uzatacak, insan sağlığı için ihtiyaç olan alanlara mali destek sağlamalı” değerlendirmesinde bulundu.
“Klinik yarar baz alınmalı”
Her yeni geliştirilen ve pahalı olan ilacın, etkili olmayabileceğinin altını çizen Dr. Saip, “klinik yarar” vurgusu yaparak şunları söyledi:
“Bazı yeni geliştirilen ilaçlar klinik olarak anlamsız ama istatistiksel olarak anlamlı sonuçlar verebiliyor. Sadece yarar önemli değil, bu yararın ne kadar olduğu, ne pahasına olduğu da önemli. Bazı yeni ilaçların yan etkisi az, etkisi çoktur, bu tür ilaçlara ilgili uzmanlık derneklerinin görüşü alınarak onay verilmeli, geri ödeme sağlanmalı. Ama yararı net olmayan veya yan etkisi çok olan ilaçlarda geri ödeme sağlanmayabilir. Yani sadece istatistiksel yarar değil, klinik yarar baz alınmalı. İlaç araştırma ve geliştirme çok pahalı ve uzun bir süreç. Bu süreç sadece ilaç firmalarına bırakılmamalı. Bağımsız araştırmacılar devlet aracılığı ile desteklenerek daha ucuz ve etkili ilaçların geliştirilmesi, devlet politikası olmalı.”
“Herkes fedakarlık yaparsa ”
Klinik yarar konusunda, “En doğru hastayı, etkin olacağından yüzde yüz emin olduğumuz, en fazla fayda sağlayacağımız hastayı belirlemek ve bu ilaçları o hastaya vermek için bir takım politikalar geliştiriliyor” sözleriyle değerlendiren Prof. Demir’e göre, hem ilaç firmaları hem de geri ödeme kurumu biraz fedakarlık yapabilir ve çok sayıda hastanın hayatı kurtulabilir:
“Aslında ilaç firmaları ellerinden geleni yapıyor. Türkiye’de çıkardıkları fiyat, yurt dışındaki fiyattan neredeyse yüzde 30, yüzde 40 daha ucuz. Ayrıca insani erişim programları açıyorlar, yani bu konuda çok duyarsız değiller. Ama ilaç firmalarının da Türkiye’nin ve ülkelerin ekonomilerine göre fiyat belirlemeleri gerekir. Örneğin; insani erişim programları az sayıda hasta ile kısıtlı. Bunun pazarlığı yapılarak insani erişim programının kapsamı genişletilebilir.”
“Sağlık bakanlığı onkoloji dernekleri ile işbirliği yapmalı”
Finansal yan etkiyi önlemek için ilaç şirketleri dışında alternatif ilaç üretim yolları bulunması gerektiğini söyleyen Prof. Saip’in bu konudaki görüşü, “Akademi, SGK, Sağlık Bakanlığı ve Türk Tıbbi Onkoloji Derneği işbirliği yapmalı, klinik yararın büyüklüğüne göre geri ödeme politikaları uygulanmalı” şeklinde.
“EŞDEĞER VE BİYOBENZER İLAÇLARA AĞIRLIK VERİLMELİ”
Onkolojik ilaçlardaki ekonomik yan etkiyi azaltmak için çözüm odaklı düşünmek gerektiğini dile getiren TTOD Üyesi Prof. Gümüş’e göre, eşdeğer ve biyobenzer ilaçlara ağırlık verilmeli:

“Çözüm için atılacak adımlardan biri eşdeğer ilaçların geliştirilmesidir. Patent süreleri bittikten sonra eşdeğer ilaç üretilirse ilaç firmaları arasındaki rekabet sonucu fiyatlar düşecektir. İkincisi biyolojik ilaçlarda biyobenzer diye bir kavram var, bu da aynı şekilde patent sürelerinin bitmesiyle piyasaya yeni oyuncuların çıkmasını, benzer ilaçların üretilmesini ve ilaçların ucuzlamasını sağlıyor. Hem doktorlar hem de hastalar olarak bizim bunu desteklememiz lazım.”
“UCUZ İLAÇLAR SGK KAPSAMINDAN ÇIKARILSIN, KANSERE AYRILAN KAYNAK ARTIRILSIN”
Bu konuda yeni politikalar geliştirilmesi gerektiğine vurgu yapan Doktor Mahmut Gümüş, “Örneğin bazı ağrı kesici, mide veya vitamin ilacı gibi ucuz ilaçların SGK ödeme kapsamından çıkarılması, dolayısıyla kanser ilaçlarına daha fazla kaynak ayrılması söz konusu olabilir. Çünkü bu tür ilaçları toplumun büyük bir kısmı alabilir ama kanser ilaçlarını herkes alamaz” dedi.
“YENİ ÇIKAN HER İLACI ‘SGK ÖDESİN’ DEMEK SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR BİR ŞEY DEĞİL”
Bu tür önlemler alınarak, sağlığa ayrılan bütçe artırılarak hastaların bu ilaçlara daha kolay ulaşmalarını sağlamak için çaba gösterilmesi gerektiğini söyleyen Dr. Gümüş sözlerini, “Ama bunlar sürdürülebilir çözümler değil. Yani her yeni ilaç çıktığında ‘SGK ödesin’ demek sürdürülebilir bir şey değil. Gerçekten maliyetler o kadar fazla ki değil Türkiye’nin dünyanın gelişmiş ülkelerinin bile bunların üstesinden gelmesi mümkün değil. Ama bunun çok ciddi bir sorun olduğunu ve hastaları mağdur ettiğini kabul etmemiz lazım. Tabii ki israf yapılmasın, kaynaklar iyi yerlere harcansın ve sağlığa ayrılan pay artırılsın ama ülkenin de bir bütçesi var” şeklinde tamamladı.
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“Tiger numbers in Malaysia have been going down, down, down, at an alarming rate,” says Rondeau. In the 1950s, Malaysia had around 3,000 tigers, but a combination of habitat loss, a decline in prey, and poaching decimated the population. By 2010, there were just 500 left, according to WWF, and the number has continued to fall.
The Malayan tiger is a subspecies native to Peninsular Malaysia, and it’s the smallest of the tiger subspecies in Southeast Asia.
“We are in this moment where, if things suddenly go bad, in five years the Malayan tiger could be a figure of the past, and it goes into the history books,” Rondeau adds.
Determined not to let that happen, Rondeau joined forces with WWF-Malaysia last year to profile the elusive big cat and put a face to the nation’s conservation work.
It took 12 weeks of preparations, eight cameras, 300 pounds of equipment, five months of patient photography and countless miles trekked through the 117,500-hectare Royal Belum State Park… but finally, in November, Rondeau got the shot that he hopes can inspire the next generation of conservationists.
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“This image is the last image of the Malayan tiger — or it’s the first image of the return of the Malayan tiger,” he says.
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Emmanuel Rondeau has photographed tigers across Asia for the past decade, from the remotest recesses of Siberia to the pristine valleys of Bhutan. But when he set out to photograph the tigers in the ancient rainforests of Malaysia, he had his doubts.
“We were really not sure that this was going to work,” says the French wildlife photographer. That’s because the country has just 150 tigers left, hidden across tens of thousands of square kilometers of dense rainforest.
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“Tiger numbers in Malaysia have been going down, down, down, at an alarming rate,” says Rondeau. In the 1950s, Malaysia had around 3,000 tigers, but a combination of habitat loss, a decline in prey, and poaching decimated the population. By 2010, there were just 500 left, according to WWF, and the number has continued to fall.
The Malayan tiger is a subspecies native to Peninsular Malaysia, and it’s the smallest of the tiger subspecies in Southeast Asia.
“We are in this moment where, if things suddenly go bad, in five years the Malayan tiger could be a figure of the past, and it goes into the history books,” Rondeau adds.
Determined not to let that happen, Rondeau joined forces with WWF-Malaysia last year to profile the elusive big cat and put a face to the nation’s conservation work.
It took 12 weeks of preparations, eight cameras, 300 pounds of equipment, five months of patient photography and countless miles trekked through the 117,500-hectare Royal Belum State Park… but finally, in November, Rondeau got the shot that he hopes can inspire the next generation of conservationists.
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“This image is the last image of the Malayan tiger — or it’s the first image of the return of the Malayan tiger,” he says.
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Why a rare image of one of…
Why a rare image of one of Malaysia’s last tigers is giving conservationists hope
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Emmanuel Rondeau has photographed tigers across Asia for the past decade, from the remotest recesses of Siberia to the pristine valleys of Bhutan. But when he set out to photograph the tigers in the ancient rainforests of Malaysia, he had his doubts.
“We were really not sure that this was going to work,” says the French wildlife photographer. That’s because the country has just 150 tigers left, hidden across tens of thousands of square kilometers of dense rainforest.
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“Tiger numbers in Malaysia have been going down, down, down, at an alarming rate,” says Rondeau. In the 1950s, Malaysia had around 3,000 tigers, but a combination of habitat loss, a decline in prey, and poaching decimated the population. By 2010, there were just 500 left, according to WWF, and the number has continued to fall.
The Malayan tiger is a subspecies native to Peninsular Malaysia, and it’s the smallest of the tiger subspecies in Southeast Asia.
“We are in this moment where, if things suddenly go bad, in five years the Malayan tiger could be a figure of the past, and it goes into the history books,” Rondeau adds.
Determined not to let that happen, Rondeau joined forces with WWF-Malaysia last year to profile the elusive big cat and put a face to the nation’s conservation work.
It took 12 weeks of preparations, eight cameras, 300 pounds of equipment, five months of patient photography and countless miles trekked through the 117,500-hectare Royal Belum State Park… but finally, in November, Rondeau got the shot that he hopes can inspire the next generation of conservationists.
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“This image is the last image of the Malayan tiger — or it’s the first image of the return of the Malayan tiger,” he says.
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Why a rare image of one of…
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Emmanuel Rondeau has photographed tigers across Asia for the past decade, from the remotest recesses of Siberia to the pristine valleys of Bhutan. But when he set out to photograph the tigers in the ancient rainforests of Malaysia, he had his doubts.
“We were really not sure that this was going to work,” says the French wildlife photographer. That’s because the country has just 150 tigers left, hidden across tens of thousands of square kilometers of dense rainforest.
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“Tiger numbers in Malaysia have been going down, down, down, at an alarming rate,” says Rondeau. In the 1950s, Malaysia had around 3,000 tigers, but a combination of habitat loss, a decline in prey, and poaching decimated the population. By 2010, there were just 500 left, according to WWF, and the number has continued to fall.
The Malayan tiger is a subspecies native to Peninsular Malaysia, and it’s the smallest of the tiger subspecies in Southeast Asia.
“We are in this moment where, if things suddenly go bad, in five years the Malayan tiger could be a figure of the past, and it goes into the history books,” Rondeau adds.
Determined not to let that happen, Rondeau joined forces with WWF-Malaysia last year to profile the elusive big cat and put a face to the nation’s conservation work.
It took 12 weeks of preparations, eight cameras, 300 pounds of equipment, five months of patient photography and countless miles trekked through the 117,500-hectare Royal Belum State Park… but finally, in November, Rondeau got the shot that he hopes can inspire the next generation of conservationists.
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“This image is the last image of the Malayan tiger — or it’s the first image of the return of the Malayan tiger,” he says.
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Mpox - formerly known as monkeypox - is a highly contagious disease and has killed at least 635 people in DR Congo this year.
Even though 200,000 vaccines, donated by the European Commission, were flown into the capital, Kinshasa, last week, they are yet to be transported across this vast country - and it could be several weeks before they reach South Kivu.
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The reason it will take time to transport the vaccines is that they need to be stored at a precise temperature - below freezing - to maintain their potency, plus they need to be sent to rural areas of South Kivu, like Kamituga, Kavumu and Lwiro, where the outbreak is rife.
The lack of infrastructure and bad roads mean that helicopters could possibly be used to drop some of the vaccines, which will further drive up costs in a country that is already struggling financially.
At the community clinic, Dr Pacifique Karanzo appeared fatigued and downbeat having been rushed off his feet all morning.
Although he wore a face shield, I could see the sweat running down his face. He said he was saddened to see patients sharing beds.
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Mpox - formerly known as monkeypox - is a highly contagious disease and has killed at least 635 people in DR Congo this year.
Even though 200,000 vaccines, donated by the European Commission, were flown into the capital, Kinshasa, last week, they are yet to be transported across this vast country - and it could be several weeks before they reach South Kivu.
“We've learned from social media that the vaccine is already available,” Emmanuel Fikiri, a nurse working at the clinic that has been turned into a specialist centre to tackle the virus, told the BBC.
He said this was the first time he had treated patients with mpox and every day he feared catching it and passing it on to his own children - aged seven, five and one.
“You saw how I touched the patients because that's my job as a nurse. So, we're asking the government to help us by first giving us the vaccines.”
The reason it will take time to transport the vaccines is that they need to be stored at a precise temperature - below freezing - to maintain their potency, plus they need to be sent to rural areas of South Kivu, like Kamituga, Kavumu and Lwiro, where the outbreak is rife.
The lack of infrastructure and bad roads mean that helicopters could possibly be used to drop some of the vaccines, which will further drive up costs in a country that is already struggling financially.
At the community clinic, Dr Pacifique Karanzo appeared fatigued and downbeat having been rushed off his feet all morning.
Although he wore a face shield, I could see the sweat running down his face. He said he was saddened to see patients sharing beds.
“You will even see that the patients are sleeping on the floor,” he told me, clearly exasperated.
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At a treatment centre in South Kivu province that the BBC visited in the epicentre of the outbreak, they say more patients are arriving every day - especially babies - and there is a shortage of essential equipment.
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Mpox - formerly known as monkeypox - is a highly contagious disease and has killed at least 635 people in DR Congo this year.
Even though 200,000 vaccines, donated by the European Commission, were flown into the capital, Kinshasa, last week, they are yet to be transported across this vast country - and it could be several weeks before they reach South Kivu.
“We've learned from social media that the vaccine is already available,” Emmanuel Fikiri, a nurse working at the clinic that has been turned into a specialist centre to tackle the virus, told the BBC.
He said this was the first time he had treated patients with mpox and every day he feared catching it and passing it on to his own children - aged seven, five and one.
“You saw how I touched the patients because that's my job as a nurse. So, we're asking the government to help us by first giving us the vaccines.”
The reason it will take time to transport the vaccines is that they need to be stored at a precise temperature - below freezing - to maintain their potency, plus they need to be sent to rural areas of South Kivu, like Kamituga, Kavumu and Lwiro, where the outbreak is rife.
The lack of infrastructure and bad roads mean that helicopters could possibly be used to drop some of the vaccines, which will further drive up costs in a country that is already struggling financially.
At the community clinic, Dr Pacifique Karanzo appeared fatigued and downbeat having been rushed off his feet all morning.
Although he wore a face shield, I could see the sweat running down his face. He said he was saddened to see patients sharing beds.
“You will even see that the patients are sleeping on the floor,” he told me, clearly exasperated.
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At a treatment centre in South Kivu province that the BBC visited in the epicentre of the outbreak, they say more patients are arriving every day - especially babies - and there is a shortage of essential equipment.
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Mpox - formerly known as monkeypox - is a highly contagious disease and has killed at least 635 people in DR Congo this year.
Even though 200,000 vaccines, donated by the European Commission, were flown into the capital, Kinshasa, last week, they are yet to be transported across this vast country - and it could be several weeks before they reach South Kivu.
“We've learned from social media that the vaccine is already available,” Emmanuel Fikiri, a nurse working at the clinic that has been turned into a specialist centre to tackle the virus, told the BBC.
He said this was the first time he had treated patients with mpox and every day he feared catching it and passing it on to his own children - aged seven, five and one.
“You saw how I touched the patients because that's my job as a nurse. So, we're asking the government to help us by first giving us the vaccines.”
The reason it will take time to transport the vaccines is that they need to be stored at a precise temperature - below freezing - to maintain their potency, plus they need to be sent to rural areas of South Kivu, like Kamituga, Kavumu and Lwiro, where the outbreak is rife.
The lack of infrastructure and bad roads mean that helicopters could possibly be used to drop some of the vaccines, which will further drive up costs in a country that is already struggling financially.
At the community clinic, Dr Pacifique Karanzo appeared fatigued and downbeat having been rushed off his feet all morning.
Although he wore a face shield, I could see the sweat running down his face. He said he was saddened to see patients sharing beds.
“You will even see that the patients are sleeping on the floor,” he told me, clearly exasperated.
“The only support we have already had is a little medicine for the patients and water. As far as other challenges are concerned, there's still no staff motivation.”
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